In my earlier posts I mentioned a few of the questions now standing front-and-center before the markets and investors. While anyone who says they know what will happen tomorrow and in subsequent days should be dismissed out of hand, I offer below commentary from some of those I read and respect:

Financial Times: S&P Cuts US Debt Rating to AA+

Economist: S&P’s Credit Rating Cut: Downgrading Our Politics

PIMCOs Mohamed El-Erian: US Downgrade Heralds a New Financial Era

NPR’s Planet Money: Why S&P’s Downgrade of the US Credit Rating May Not Be As Bad As It Sounds

Barry Ritholtz: 10 Questions About the S&P Downgrade

As I write this on Sunday afternoon several firms with typically insightful commentary have not opined since S&P’s action, so I’ll append the post as other comments become available.

UPDATE 9:30PM MONDAY 8 AUGUST 2011:

As the market reopened today (and took a 6.7% shellacking) additional firms shared their assessment.

Vanguard: Downgrade Should Mean Little for Long-term Investors

Absolute Return Partners: Why The US of AA Matters

QB Asset Management:  Downgrade of US Treasury Obligations Legitimate and Insufficient (hat tip Ritholtz.com)

Paul Kasriel (Northern Trust): S&P’s Downgrade of US Sovereign Debt – People Actually Pay Them For These Opinions?

John Hussman: Recession Warning and the Proper Policy Response

The full article is available here.

hat tip: Ritholtz.com

These ratings are provided by the NRSROs (borrowers pay for them, in fact, which is one of the many conflicts of interest that fueled the credit crisis from which we’re slowly recovering) to assist bond purchasers like yours truly with the heavy lifting of detailed credit analysis on each issue under consideration.  Since borrowers with lower credit ratings are ostensibly riskier to which to lend, the interest rate on their bonds is higher than those of higher quality bonds (all other things equal.)

Wall Street’s morbid fascination, then, is around the question of “what happens if the world’s ’safest’ security is no longer so?”

PIMCO’s Neel Kashkari penned a short piece in today’s Washington Post that deserves a read by anyone trying to understand why the deletion of one letter – AAA to AA – might be such a big deal. His highlights:

• A downgrade of U.S. credit could spark a new financial crisis. The question is: Would the impact be as great as when Lehman Bros. failed?
• Treasuries have been defined for decades as the risk-free financial instrument throughout global financial markets; faith in them is far stronger than it was in debt of Lehman.
• U.S. Treasuries are a $14 trillion market. Lehman had approximately $600 billion of liabilities before it failed, less than 5% of the size of the Treasury market.

These factors suggest that a U.S. downgrade has the potential to be as bad, or perhaps worse, than the Lehman shock.

The full article is here.

In my opinion, the government (I include both the Legislative and Administrative branches here) has demonstrated itself to be almost completely incompetent at one of its main tasks – the management of the public purse.  The Tea Party and others deeply concerned about the US debt levels and growing deficit have thrust those questions squarely into the spotlight. While I disagree with much of their platform, I must give them credit for elevating the attention paid to the topic, which scarcely received a mention in the last Presidential election. Unfortunately, the level of discourse has gone the opposite direction, leaving the President and Congressional leaders at an apparent impasse and the rest of us baffled, frustrated and disgusted.

Kashkari’s article attempts to plumb the size of the potential market disruption, the first well-reasoned research I’ve seen on the subject. He doesn’t discuss, however, other potential impacts, such as the valuation ripple effect from:

• Having the sovereign rating drop below that of companies based in the US - Will those corporations have their debt ratings cut too, since a country that can fund itself through taxes is theoretically a better risk than any company that must rely on selling its goods or services?
• Having US rated lower than other countries - Will capital flee the US for, say, Germany, and create a run on Bunds (and a sharp boost in the Euro, which wouldn’t be helpful for Germany’s large export sector)?
• Potential regulatory policy changes – Many banks, pension funds, investment companies, etc. are required to invest in AAA-rated bonds or Treasuries. Will banking or pension regulations be rewritten to allow for this unforeseen policy variance?

There’s a very good argument to be made that NRSRO’s should not be allowed to hold the US economy hostage. They were, as I noted, one of the key villains in the credit debacle, and it’s no leap of logic that after facing the wrath of Congress and the Administration they’re enjoying having those politicians over the proverbial barrel. However, this is how the structure currently stands; we must deal with reality as it is, not as we wish it were. Truth be told, if I were in charge of making the call (and didn’t have to worry about the above-mentioned fallout) I’d have already downgraded US debt: timely repayment of principal and interest should never be in question for AAA-rated bonds. The US no longer meets that standard.

It’s surely possible, too, that since the US bond market remains the largest and most liquid by far, China, banks, individuals and other investors may go right on buying them as before, essentially ignoring the lower credit rating. We can hope…

Controversial Law Draws Howls of Protest from Lawmakers

WASHINGTON (The Borowitz Report) – A government think-tank today proposed a controversial new law, “No Politician Left Behind,” which would pay congressmen solely on the basis of performance.

The law, which was proposed by the University of Minnesota’s Institute of Government, “would make a serious dent in the Federal deficit because few if any congressmen would ever have to be paid,” said the Institute’s director, Davis Logsdon.

“Right now, congressmen get paid even when they storm out of budget negotiations in a hissy fit,” Mr. Logsdon said.  “Under this new law, the rule would be, no budget, no paycheck.”

The idea of being paid per accomplishment drew howls of protest from lawmakers, many claiming that if the law were enacted it would result in their financial ruin.

“If passed, this law would be tantamount to the establishment of ‘Work Panels,’ which would determine whether individual congressmen are accomplishing anything,” said Rep. Eric Cantor (R-VA).  “I, for one, would be in deep, deep trouble.”

“I’m fairly sure that this law is unconstitutional,” said Sen. Mitch McConnell (R-KY). “Now, I have never actually read the Constitution, but if this law were passed I would probably be forced to read it or live in a cardboard box.”

House Speaker John Boehner (R-OH) said that creating performance standards for lawmakers was “an insult to the institution of Congress.”

“We have spent millions of dollars, some of it out of our own pockets, to get to Washington,” he said.  “We did not come here to be treated like teachers.”

Economist Joseph Brusuelas from Bloomberg yesterday penned an article considering the options remaining available to the Fed if, as is feared by some, the US economy slips into a double-dip recession or deflationary environment. According to Brusuelas, the FOMC’s options (listed roughly in order of severity) include:

• Committing to keep policy rates a very low for a specific period of time. The Fed has implicitly done this, since they’ve used the “extended period of time” phrase in their meeting minutes for over two years.
• Making explicit its implied inflation target of 2%.
• Maintaining its balance sheet at or near current levels for a specific period of time.
• Reducing the interest paid on reserves held at the Fed to 0% from the current 0.25%.
• Imposing a penalty on excess reserves held at the Fed.
• Capping yields.

Turns out that the Society of Actuaries has done the studying of that topic for me. The SOA’s June 2011 bulletin, entitled “The Coming Storm – Natural Disasters and a Struggling Economy”, offers several ominous observations:

Actuary Shaun Wang, a leader in enterprise risk management, and founder and Chairman of Risk Lighthouse LLC, warns of a “perfect storm,” a combination of natural disasters on a scale even larger than the Japan earthquake coupled with a second-dip market meltdown greater than the 2008 financial crisis.

• Four of the five costliest earthquakes and tsunamis of the last 30 years have occurred in the last 13 months. Conditional probability of an earthquake in the northwest U.S. has increased significantly due to changing pressures on crustal plates.
• The world is on the brink of a severe shortage of food and water. Thanks to a new peak population of nearly seven billion, demand is outpacing supply. Severe drought and water scarcity would affect food availability and cause spikes in food prices.
• Warnings of solar flares from a “huge space storm” came to fruition on June 7, when NASA reported a potent blast from the Sun causing a firestorm of radiation on a level not seen since 2006. Flares such as this have the potential to disrupt satellite communications and power on Earth.

This “perfect storm” would almost certainly trigger a market meltdown, shocking an already fragile U.S. and world economy.

The entire bulletin is here.

That said, I learned today, from the blog of comedian Andy Borowitz, the Greek government may have hit upon a unique way of repaying their debts: A giant horse.

Greece Offers to Repay Loans with Giant Horse

Steed Wheeled Into Brussels at Night

BRUSSELS (The Borowitz Report) – In what many are hailing as a breakthrough solution to Greece’s crippling debt crisis, Greece today offered to repay loans from the European Union nations by giving them a gigantic horse.

Finance ministers from sixteen EU nations awoke in Brussels this morning to find that a huge wooden horse had been wheeled into the city center overnight.

The horse, measuring several stories in height, drew mixed responses from the finance ministers, many of whom said they would have preferred a cash repayment of the EU’s bailout.

But German Chancellor Andrea Merkel said she “welcomed the beautiful wooden horse,” adding, “What harm could it possibly do?”

Idaho’s unemployment rate came in above the national rate, at 9.1%, in May.  Also, the year-over-year change in Idaho’s unemployment rate appeared greater than the nation as a whole; the seasonally adjusted national unemployment rate dropped -0.5% from a year earlier.

Idaho tied for having the 13^th highest unemployment rate in the nation; North Dakota had the lowest, with 3.2%, and Nevada posted the highest, at 12.1%.

Idaho’s May unemployment rate declined from recent months, which saw the highest rate in at least 35 years. The unemployment rate has risen +6.5% since the all-time low of 2.7% set in May 2007.

A key explanation for Idaho’s stubbornly high unemployment rate is that over the past two years the labor force has risen much faster than hiring. This situation has historically been self-adjusting as companies ramp up the pace of hiring when the economy improves.

{GRAPHS: BLS}

An analysis by industry using non-seasonally adjusted figures shows signs of improvement in Idaho’s employment picture, however. Notably, a majority of industries show year-over-year job growth, lead on a percentage basis by finance, professional & business services, and leisure & hospitality. The construction industry continued to contract, and cuts to government payrolls are also evident.

I was intrigued by a recent guest post on Barry Ritholtz’s The Big Picture blog demonstrating comedians’ investment wisdom, particularly that of George Carlin.  Here are a few investment maxims and a related Carlin quote:

Don’t confuse causation with correlation. “Death is caused by swallowing small amounts of saliva over a long period of time.”

Don’t try to outsmart the investor herd. “Think of how stupid the average person is, and realize half of them are stupider than that.”

Value your own perspective. “Some people see the glass half full. Others see it half empty.
I see a glass that’s twice as big as it needs to be.”

The rest of the post is here.

The guest post, by the way, is from financial planner and Kent Thune, whose website The Financial Philosopher is educational, thought-provoking and engaging.

• In the run-up to the financial crisis, the giant national banks — which he viewed as a distinct species from the typical American bank — had done things that deserved condemnation. And, he added, “They are still doing things that I don’t think are very good.”
• “It has become a virtual casino,” he replied. “To me, banks exist for people to keep their liquid income, and also to finance trade and commerce.” Yet the six largest holding companies, which made a combined $75 billion last year, had $56 billion in trading revenues. “If you assume, as I do, that trading revenues go straight to the bottom line, that means that trading, not lending, is how they make most of their money,” he said.
• …Banks were taking excessive risks that were never really envisioned when the government began insuring deposits.
• …Bank C.E.O.’s were being compensated in no small part on their trading profits — which gave them every incentive to keep taking those excessive risks.
• Finally — and this is what particularly galled him — trading derivatives and other securities really had nothing to do with the underlying purpose of banking.

The entire article is here.

View the full MTB chart at Wikinvest

hat tip: Ritholtz.com